Journal of Literary Criticism

Journal of Literary Criticism

Analysis of the semantic function of counter-discourses in Nahj al-Balagha (case study: Imam Ali's letter to Uthman ibn Hanif)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
2 PhD student, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
10.22034/jlc.2025.539195.1759
Abstract
Counterdiscourses are generally supporting fragments of discourse that appear alongside the core of discourse in the narrative and create a supportive semantic halo, thus strengthening and supporting the core of discourse in the ups and downs of the narrative. A skilled orator tries to increase the influence of his speech on the audience with the help of various tools. The presence of supporting and supporting discourses in the reading of systematic discourses, such as Nahj al-Balagha, is one of the tools that will be very helpful. These discourse halos or counterdiscourses, with their specific semantic functions, such as repair, modification, confirmation, justification, greater impact on the audience, or even instilling a special feeling in the audience, play an important role in shaping the process of meaning-making. The letter of Imam Ali (AS) to his agent, Uthman ibn Hanif, is one of the discourses that beautifully demonstrates the positive and negative effects of using counterdiscourse in stabilizing and integrating meaning. This research attempts to answer the main question with a descriptive-analytical method: What components have formed the use of antithesis of meaning-making elements in the words of Imam Ali (AS)? The findings of the research show that this letter carries some semantic features of antithesis, such as metaphorical, simile, ironic, nested, referential antithesis, and the appropriate and worthy use of adaptive antithesis, witnessing, swearing, etc., which shows the strength and power of the speaker and his miracle in speech.
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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 07 February 2026

  • Receive Date 12 August 2025
  • Revise Date 28 November 2025
  • Accept Date 23 December 2025